A year later Christopher Columbus, on his fourth voyage, sailed along the Caribbean coast from the Bay of Honduras to Panama, accumulating much information and a little gold . The Spanish became wealthy from mining large amounts of gold C. The Spanish became wealthy from fur trapping D. Spanish colonies were largely established as havens from . [34], Venezuela was first visited by Europeans during the 1490s, when Columbus was in control of the region, and the region as a source for indigenous slaves for Spaniards in Cuba and Hispaniola, since the Spanish destruction of the local indigenous population. The Spanish saw these populations as a source of labor, there for their exploitation, to supply their own settlements with foodstuffs, but more importantly for the Spanish, to extract mineral wealth or produce another valuable commodity for Spanish enrichment. answer choices. However, those regions that had been colonized by the French or Spanish would retain national characteristics that linger to this day. Among the foodstuffs that became staples in European cuisine and could be grown there were tomatoes, squashes, bell peppers, and to a lesser extent, chili peppers; also nuts of various kinds: walnut]]s, cashews, pecans, and peanuts. "Juzgado General de Indios del Per o Juzgado Particular de Indios de el cercado de Lima.". Spanish conquerors took advantage of indigenous rivalries to forge alliances with groups seeing an advantage for their own goals. Direct link to 21HernandezRa28's post What are some specific ex, Posted 3 years ago. They preferred wheat cultivation to indigenous sources of carbohydrates: casava, maize (corn), and potatoes, initially importing seeds from Europe and planting in areas where plow agriculture could be utilized, such as the Mexican Bajo. [10] They pursued a policy of joint rule of their kingdoms and created the initial stage of a single Spanish monarchy, completed under the eighteenth-century Bourbon monarchs. Inquizitive Chapter 1 Flashcards | Quizlet [29][31] This Mapuche victory laid the foundation for the establishment of a Spanish-Mapuche frontier called La Frontera. "Nicols de Ovando" in, sfn error: no target: CITEREFGngora1998 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFLagos_Carmona1985 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFHistoria_general_de_Espaa1992 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBushnell1981 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFChipman2005 (, sfnm error: no target: CITEREFBushnell1981 (, sfnm error: no target: CITEREFChipman2005 (. He became deeply indebted to the German Welser and Fugger banking families. The Spanish dreamed of mountains of gold and silver and imagined converting thousands . 378-79. Dominican friar Antonio de Montesinos denounced Spanish cruelty and abuse in a sermon in 1511, which comes down to us in the writings of Dominican friar Bartolom de las Casas. . [80], The indigenous populations in the Caribbean became the focus of the crown in its roles as sovereigns of the empire and patron of the Catholic Church. The officials of the royal treasury at each level of government typically included two to four positions: a tesorero (treasurer), the senior official who guarded money on hand and made payments; a contador (accountant or comptroller), who recorded income and payments, maintained records, and interpreted royal instructions; a factor, who guarded weapons and supplies belonging to the king, and disposed of tribute collected in the province; and a veedor (overseer), who was responsible for contacts with native inhabitants of the province, and collected the king's share of any war booty. David Stannard historian and professor of American Studies at the University of Hawaii compares the genocidal process in two cases of colonization, and says that the British did not need massive labor as the Spanish, but land: "And therein lies the central difference between the genocide committed by the Spanish and that of the Anglo-Americans . Spain gained immense wealth from this expansionism, which translated into an influx of Spanish art and cultural capital. Ore was crushed with the aid of mules and then mercury could be applied to draw out the pure silver. The Biological Exchange, also called the Columbian Exchange, was a global transfer of plants, such as Native American corn and potatoes, and animals, such as European horses, that revolutionized agriculture and hunting in both Europe and the Americas. [54], The Columbian Exchange was as significant as the clash of civilizations. Answered: Select the correct answer. Choose the | bartleby The first settlement of La Navidad, a crude fort built on his first voyage in 1492, had been abandoned by the time he returned in 1493. For the Spaniards Tlaxcalan allies, their crucial support gained them enduring political legacy into the modern era, the Mexican state of Tlaxcala.[23][24]. The Spanish did establish the settlement of Chile in 1541, founded by Pedro de Valdivia. Important indigenous crops that transformed Europe were the potato and maize, which produced abundant crops that led to the expansion of populations in Europe. Spanish explorers with hopes of conquest in the New World were known as conquistadores. The spectacular conquests of central Mexico (151921) and Peru (1532) sparked Spaniards' hopes of finding yet another high civilization. "John Francis Bannon and the Historiography of the Spanish Borderlands: Retrospect and Prospect. PDF English, French, and Spanish Colonies: A Comparison - Granbury ISD Direct link to Bailey's post So did the Caste System d, Posted 5 years ago. Q2: Option D. The primary economic interest of French and Dutch colonists in North America was the fur trade. Spanish explorations of other islands in the Caribbean and what turned out to be the mainland of South and Central America occupied them for over two decades. Mercury was a monopoly of the crown. That was of enslaved Africans. The Spanish Crown separated them into the Repblica de Indios. 1494: Columbus arrives in Jamaica. Image credit: Map of de Coronado's route through Mexico and the Southwest of the modern United States. Western Venezuela's history took an atypical direction in 1528, when Spain's first Hapsburg monarch, Charles I granted rights to colonize to the German banking family of the Welsers. Although there were restrictions of appointees' ties to local elite society and participation in the local economy, they acquired dispensations from the cash-strapped crown. The composition of the expedition was the standard pattern, with a senior leader, and participating men investing in the enterprise with the full expectation of rewards if they did not lose their lives. North America's Indigenous peoples preserved their cultures and dignity through this period, despite facing violent dispossession by the colonists; enslaved Africans did as well, amid the . 4, p. 204. The two powers vied for domination through the acquisition of new lands. Timeline showing some of the major events and the earliest European colonies in North America. "The Incas Under Spanish Colonial Institutions". [43] In 1521, Ponce de Leon was killed while trying to establish a settlement near what is now Charlotte Harbor, Florida. The creation of the ecclesiastical hierarchy of the diocesan clergy marked a turning point in the crown's control over the religious sphere. The early Caribbean proved a massive disappointment for Spaniards, who had hoped to find mineral wealth and exploitable indigenous populations. In the first settlements in the Caribbean, the Spaniards deliberately brought animals and plants that transformed the ecological landscape. Gold and silver began to connect European nations through trade, and the Spanish money supply ballooned, which signified the beginning of the economic system known as, Riches poured in from the colonies, and new ideas poured in from other countries and new lands. The laws were the first codified set of laws governing the behavior of Spanish settlers in the Americas, particularly with regards to treatment of native Indians in the institution of the encomienda. The crown had authority to draw the boundaries for dioceses and parishes. Treasury officials were supposed to be paid out of the income from the province, and were normally prohibited from engaging in income-producing activities.[76]. On 31 March 1492, the Catholic Monarch ordered the expulsion of the Jews in Spain who refused to convert to Christianity. They founded the towns of Coro and Maracaibo. London, England: Penguin Classics. There are many such works for Mexico, often drawing on native-language documentation in Nahuatl,[93][94] Mixtec,[95] and Yucatec Maya. The Spanish network needed a port city so that inland settlements could be connected by sea to Spain. Columbus, in his voyage, sought fame and fortune, as did his Spanish sponsors. Invasion of the American continents and incorporation into the Spanish Empire, "Conquista" redirects here. [8][9] For the conquest era, two names of Spaniards are generally known because they led the conquests of high indigenous civilizations, Hernn Corts, leader of the expedition that conquered the Aztecs of Central Mexico, and Francisco Pizarro, leader of the conquest of the Inca in Peru. the stock market crash of 1929 caused the great depression. Collier, Simon. The Central African Empire was a short-lived and self-proclaimed "imperial" one-party state ruled by an absolute monarch that replaced the Central African Republic. Spanish land in America was divided into small units, and each unit was run by a(n . Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like In addition to new intellectual developments and scientific discoveries, the expansion of Europe into the Americas was aided by which of the following desires and impulses among many Europeans?, By making desertion near impossible, Corts was able to create an environment in which his followers understood conquest as a necessity . [130] In the fall of 1528, Spanish explorer lvar Nez Cabeza de Vaca landed on present day Follet's Island, Texas. Francisco de Ibarra led an expedition from Zacatecas in northern New Spain, and founded Durango. from other nations, thus boosting its colonial popula-tion. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1964. The Spanish expansion has sometimes been succinctly summed up as being motivated by "gold, glory, God," that is, the search for material wealth, the enhancement of the conquerors' and the crown's position, and the expansion of Christianity to the exclusion of other religious traditions. The era of Imperialism is characterized by the "colonization of Americans" from the 15th to 19th centuries, and also the expansion of Japan, Europe, and the United States powers during the end of the 19th century and starting of the 20th century. In Hispaniola, the indigenous Tano pre-contact population before the arrival of Columbus of several hundred thousand had declined to sixty thousand by 1509. Spaniards waged a fifty-year war (ca. Hispanic American Historical Review 53.4 (1973): 581-599. The. [33] It was governed by the president of the Audiencia of Bogot, and comprised an area corresponding mainly to modern-day Colombia and parts of Venezuela. Dressing, J. David. Tribute goods in Mexico were most usually lengths of cotton cloth, woven by women, and maize and other foodstuffs produced by men. Cattle multiplied quickly in areas where little else could turn a profit for Spaniards, including northern Mexico and the Argentine pampas. These began a movement for colonial independence that spread to Spain's other colonies in the Americas. "Viceroyalty, Viceroy" in, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFEncyclopedia_of_Latin_and_mexicpo_is_the_best_History_and_Culture1996 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFLockhartSchwartz1983 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBennassar2001 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFGibson1966 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFAltmanClineJavier_Pescador2003 (, Ramrez, Susan E. "Missions: Spanish America" in, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBrading1993 (, Don, Patricia Lopes. Only by playing upon the disunity among the diverse groups in the Aztec Empire were the Spanish able to capture Tenochtitln. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. Miller, Gary. Illness played a much greater role in the citys downfall than violence. How do we know that? [6] 1493: Columbus arrives in Puerto Rico. Chapter 1: The Collision of Cultures QUIZ Flashcards | Quizlet [65] In addition, the Casa de Contratacin took charge of the fiscal organization, and of the organization and judicial control of the trade with the Indies. 84-85. 5, p. 453. The Aztecs did not govern over an empire in the conventional sense, but were the hegemons of a confederation of dozens of city-states, tribes and other polities; the status of each varied from harshly subjugated to closely allied. Their central official and ceremonial area was built on top of Aztec palaces and temples. The Catholic Historical Review 64.2 (1978): 168-184. During the 1500s, Spain expanded its colonial empire to the Philippines in the Far East and to areas in the Americas that later became the United States. The exchange did not go one way. [124] Presidios had a resident commanders, who set up commercial enterprises of imported merchandise, selling it to soldiers as well as Indian allies. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. They were aggressive in making their investment pay, alienating the indigenous populations and Spaniards alike. The population of the Native American population in Mexico declined by an estimated 90% (reduced to 12.5 million people) by the early 17th century. [160] The similarly epic and dark journey of Lope de Aguirre was made into a film by Werner Herzog, Aguirre, the Wrath of God (1972), starring Klaus Kinsky. Inspired by tales of rivers of gold and timid, malleable native peoples, later Spanish explorers were relentless in their quest for land and gold. The reorganization of administration has been called "a revolution in government. History of Latin America | Meaning, Countries, Map, & Facts 1 (2012): 26-40. Europeans imported enslaved Africans to the early Caribbean settlements to replace indigenous labor and enslaved and free Africans were part of colonial-era populations. [6] These formal arrangements between Spain and Portugal and the pope were ignored by other European powers, with the French, the English, and the Dutch seizing territory in the Caribbean and in North America claimed by Spain but not effectively settled. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. While chartered by the Crown, English colonization was funded by joint-stock companies, groups of investors eager for profits. The film starred Robert De Niro, Jeremy Irons, and Liam Neeson and It won an Academy Award. "Peace by purchase" ended the conflict. Why did the Spanish choose to enslave native people? Hispanic American Historical Review 50.4 (1970): 645-664. A third factor, which strongly intensified the effect of the other two, was the social and physical disruption visited upon the Indian. In the extension of Spanish sovereignty to its overseas territories, authority for expeditions (entradas) of discovery, conquest, and settlement resided in the monarchy. [39] Puerto Rico was also colonized by the Spanish during this era, occasioning the earliest contact between Africans and what would become the United States (via the free Black conquistador Juan Garrido). Lawyers for these cases were funded by a half-real tax, an early example of legal aid for the poor. The leader of an expedition, the adelantado was a senior with material wealth and standing who could persuade the crown to issue him a license for an expedition. Settlements/Geography [152] 1492: The Conquest of Paradise stars Grard Depardieu as Columbus and Sigorney Weaver as Queen Isabel. Spaniards established a network of settlements in areas they conquered and controlled. [82], The conquest of the Aztec and Inca empires ended their sovereignty over their respective territorial expanses, replaced by the Spanish Empire, and indigenous religious beliefs and practices were suppressed and populations converted to Christianity. During the Napoleonic Peninsular War in Europe between France and Spain, assemblies called juntas were established to rule in the name of Ferdinand VII of Spain. Q3: Option B. Rodrigo de Bastidas was first to establish Spain's claim to the isthmus, sailing along the Darin coast in March 1501, but he made no settlement. Chapter 4 Flashcards | Quizlet How did spain handle all the inflation? The region overseen by the archbishop was divided into large units, the diocese, headed by a bishop. Many institutions established in Castile found expression in The Indies from the early colonial period. Spaniards also imported citrus trees, establishing orchards of oranges, lemons, and limes, and grapefruit. Powers, Stephen. [151] Christopher Columbus: The Discovery (1992) has Georges Corroface as Columbus with Marlon Brando as Toms de Torquemada and Tom Selleck as King Ferdinand and Rachel Ward as Queen Isabela. Although their primary focus was on religious conversion, missionaries served as "diplomatic agents, peace emissaries to hostile tribes and they were also expected to hold the line against nomadic nonmissionary Indians as well as other European powers. The expansion of Spain's territory took place under the Catholic Monarchs Isabella of Castile, Queen of Castile and her husband King Ferdinand, King of Aragon, whose marriage marked the beginning of Spanish power beyond the Iberian peninsula. [114] In areas of previous indigenous empires with settled populations, the crown also melded existing indigenous rule into a Spanish pattern, with the establishment of cabildos and the participation of indigenous elites as officials holding Spanish titles. Columbus made four voyages to the West Indies as the monarchs granted Columbus vast powers of governance over this unknown part of the world. Works by historians in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries have expanded the understanding of the impact of the Spanish conquest and changes during the more than three hundred years of Spanish rule. [90] A similar legal apparatus was set up in Lima.[91]. The Libertadores (Spanish and Portuguese for "Liberators") were the principal leaders of the Spanish American wars of independence. "The 1539 inquisition and trial of Don Carlos of Texcoco in early Mexico.". AMH2010 InQuizitive Chapter 1 Flashcards | Quizlet Spanish Colonies | United States History I 5, pp. Unit 2: Colonial America Test Review Quiz - Quizizz Bartolom de Las Casas was a prolific writer. There is indirect evidence that the first permanent Spanish mainland settlement established in the Americas was Santa Mara la Antigua del Darin. Cacao beans for chocolate emerged as an export product as Europeans developed a taste for sweetened chocolate. Effective Spanish settlement began in 1493, when Columbus brought livestock, seeds, agricultural equipment. Which statement accurately describes Spanish colonization in the New World A. Each order set up networks of parishes in the various regions (provinces), sited in existing indigenous settlements, where Christian churches were built and where evangelization of the indigenous was based. This resulted in a strengthening of the ---4--- cause at the expensive of --5--, Identify the cities in the modern United States that were . Spanish universities expanded to train lawyer-bureaucrats (letrados) for administrative positions in Spain and its overseas empire. "The Bourbon Reforms" in, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFEncyclopedia_of_Latin_American_History_and_Culture1996 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBedini1992 (, Cook, Noble David. Crown approval through the Council of the Indies was needed for the establishment of bishoprics, building of churches, appointment of all clerics. He wrote many petitions, treatises, and books on the subject of the Spanish conquest of the Americas.His most famous works included the Historia apologtica (Apologetic History) and the Brevsima relacin de la destruccin de las Indias (A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies).The former was written as an introduction to a proposed . Although the structure of the indigenous cabildo looked similar to that of the Spanish institution, its indigenous functionaries continued to follow indigenous practices. The names of two indigenous leaders (caciques) who rebelled against Spanish colonization, Enriquillo and Hatuey in the Dominican Republic (Hispaniola), have become important.[12]. So did the Caste System decide who got certain rights and places of power or was it merely a way of categorizing the people? Castile and Aragon were ruled jointly by their respective monarchs, but they remained separate kingdoms. By 1763 the English had established dominance in North America, having defeated France and Spain in the French and Indian War. For the colony's continued existence, a reliable source of labor was needed. The purpose, they said, was to protect the American colonists, though the actual reason probably had more to do with wanting to 'keep an eye' on them. There was quite a bit of gold coming in. The crown set the indigenous communities legally apart from Spaniards (as well as Blacks), who made up the Repblica de Espaoles, with the creation of the Repblica de Indios. Where the Spaniards had exclusive access to horses in warfare, they had an advantage over indigenous warriors on foot. They were initially a scarce commodity, but horse breeding became an active industry. [18][19], It wasn't until[when?] Corregidores collected the tribute from indigenous communities and regulated forced indigenous labor. [122], Most Spanish settlers came to the Indies as permanent residents, established families and businesses, and sought advancement in the colonial system, such as membership of cabildos, so that they were in the hands of local, American-born (crillo) elites. In colonial Mexico, there are petitions to the king about a variety of issues important to particular indigenous communities when the noblemen did not get a favorable response from the local friar or priest or local royal officials. Ordo Ab Chao (Quizzaciously Sesquipedalianized Eleemosynary), The Aztecs witnessed the smallpox epidemic's destruction personally, and this was described in the Florentine Codex. Columbus had promised the crown that the region he now controlled held a huge treasure in the form of gold and spices. Other notable historical figures in the production are Malinche, Corts cultural translator, and other conquerors Pedro de Alvarado, Cristbal de Olid, Bernal Daz del Castillo. As the colonial economy became more diversified and less dependent on these mechanisms for the accumulation of wealth, the indigenous noblemen became less important for the economy. Lockhart and Schwartz, Early Latin America, pp. Among this first group was Toribio de Benavente, known now as Motolinia, the Nahuatl word for poor.[128][129]. During the early era and under the Habsburgs, the crown established a regional layer of colonial jurisdiction in the institution of Corregimiento, which was between the Audiencia and town councils. Peru was the last territory in the continent under Spanish rule, which ended on 9 December 1824 at the Battle of Ayacucho (Spanish rule continued until 1898 in Cuba and Puerto Rico).
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