Flood of 1927 - Encyclopedia of Arkansas For historic sites related to the battle, see. https://www.britannica.com/place/Helena-Arkansas, The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture - Helena-West Helena. They ushered her out the door." Helena-West Helena Police confirmed they were called to the Walmart Thursday just after noon to a report of a subject having a. Still others described the barbarism of cutting off the ears or toes of dead negroes for souvenirs and the dragging of their bodies through the streets of Elaine. Gerald B. Lambert, the founder of Listerine, who owned 21,000 acres near Elaine, saw white men spread throughout the woods, firing at any suspicious person. South of Price, Fagan was to attack Battery D on Hindman's Hill, while Marmaduke, supported by Walker, was to attack from the north, take Rightor's Hill, and then use the hill as an artillery position to fire on Batteries A and B. From Race Riot to Sit-in: 1919 to the 1960s. Without Clayton's men first being driven from behind the levee, Rightor's Hill could not be taken. Pop. On September 10, Union troops took Little Rock. Robert Palmer noted that in the mid-1930s Helena was "the blues capital of the Delta". Paul Hall was one of the twelve men who were slated to be electrocuted, and I believe he was my relative. [52] The two Union cavalry regiments were holding a position behind a levee. Women received domestic allotment checks from men in the military, giving them cash beyond the control of planters. Burke, Jordan C. White Discipline Black Rebellion: A History of American Race Riots from Emancipation to the War on Drugs. PhD diss., University of New Hampshire, 2020. Elaine: A Premeditated Massacre. MA thesis, Southern New Hampshire University, 2022. [12] On June 22, Holmes revised the plan, ordering Price to concentrate at a location known as Switzer's, instead of Cotton Plant. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2020. [101] The Helena Confederate Cemetery includes burials of Confederate soldiers killed during the battle, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places,[102] as are the remains of the Union batteries.[103]. As they surrounded his house, another man inside, Charlie Robinson, tried to run away. Voogd, Jan. Race Riots and Resistance: The Red Summer of 1919. Krug, Teresa. Local authorities blocked press coverage. Many families described how they had run into the woods for safety from bloodthirsty mobs, hoping to surrender themselves to the federal troops for safety. Arkansas governor Charles Hillman Brough told a St. Louis, Missouri, audience during the war that there existed no twilight zone in American patriotism and called Wisconsin senator Robert LaFollete, who opposed the war, a Bolshevik leader. Ultimately, the Ware defendants were freed by the Arkansas Supreme Court after two terms of court had passed, and the state of Arkansas made no move to re-try the men. Brough, requesting that U.S. troops be sent to Elaine. Updated: Aug. 19, 2020 at 8:40 AM PDT. When he returned home, 150 men came to ransack his house, seizing his union meeting minutes and his Masonic lodge books. Colonel Jencks sent all of the white women and children to Helena by train, ordered the immediate disarming of everyone and authorized the killing of black insurgents who failed to disarm. [44] Brooks' men became disorganized and did not reform until 8:00 am. By early morning Oct. 1, the sheriff sent white veterans from the American Legion post to suppress what he deemed an insurrection. Once there, Holmes provided further orders for the advance: Walker was to screen Fagan's movement to Helena with part of his command, while Price continued on to Helena from Switzer's. For the American Civil War battle of the same name, see, U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Helena, Arkansas, "H. Glenn Mosenthin, "Missouri and North Arkansas Railroad", "Helena Harbor celebrates return of rail service to Phillips County - Talk Business & Politics", "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990", "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014", "CENSUS 2000 Block Map: WEST HELENA city", "State's last black Catholic school to close", "Saxophonist Red Holloway Dead at 84 Chicago tenor was prolific leader and sideman for six decades", "Helena, a city and the county-seat of Phillips county, Arkansas, U.S.A.", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helena,_Arkansas&oldid=1151874553, Arkansas populated places on the Mississippi River, Populated places in Phillips County, Arkansas, 1833 establishments in Arkansas Territory, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Pages using infobox settlement with unknown parameters, Pages using US Census population needing update, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, S.T.A.R.S. Brough responded by gaining permission from the Department of War to send more than 500 battle-tested troops from Camp Pike, outside of Little Rock (Pulaski County). [74] Holmes ordered Parsons to attack Battery D to support Fagan, but as Parsons' men were too badly disorganized at the time, McRae was given the order to attack. Emboldened by their war experience, African-American veterans returned to the Delta to demand the full rights of citizenship and justice, not only before the law but also in their labors. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015. Major funding provided by the Winthrop Rockefeller Foundation. These records cover murders, rapes, burglaries, arson, motor vehicle theft, assaults, and crimes of a sexual nature. Although the United States was on the winning side of World War I, supporters of American capitalism found in communism a new menace to their security. Because Price had not yet attacked, Fagan's men came under fire from both Battery D and Battery C.[49] Fagan's Confederates broke through the second Union line, then a third and fourth, but then halted at about 7:00 am, their attack spent. [33] Holmes made a pledge that he would take personally responsibility for the results of the assault if it failed. Downtown Helena - All You Need to Know BEFORE You Go - Tripadvisor Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2022. On Oct. 31, a grand jury indicted 122 black men and women for offenses ranging from murder to night riding. New York: Crown, 2008. It was founded in 1833 by Nicholas Rightor and is named after the daughter of Sylvanus Phillips, an early settler of Phillips County and the namesake of Phillips County. The Nevada County Depot in Prescott was photographed circa 1960 with the Reader Railroad engine in the foreground. Special thanks to the Department of Arkansas Heritage. Some of the refugees were killed, some were taken prisoner, and the camp was burned by the Confederates at some point during the battle. The city was a Union supply depot during the American Civil War, and the Battle of Helena (July 4, 1863) was a futile attempt by the Confederates to capture it. He also told how soldiers brought a suspected union leader to his company store for interrogation, poured kerosene over his body and tossed a match. Blood in Their Eyes: The Elaine Massacre of 1919. Gov. Little Rock: Winthrop Rockefeller Foundation, 2002. [4] After, a loss of rail service in early 2015, a successful effort was launched by the Helena-West Helena/Phillips County Port Authority to have freight service restored. The account that best captured the perspective of the sharecroppers came from Ida Wells Barnett, the legendary anti-lynching crusader and journalist. [53] Bledsoe's two guns were driven off, but neither side could defeat the other. Major support provided through a partnership with the Arkansas Department of Parks & Tourism. McRae sent about 200 men to attack the battery, but they were unsuccessful. The Elaine Riot: Tragedy & Triumph. Then the real massacre began: For the next five days, Colonel Jencks and his troops, assisted by vigilantes, hunted black people over a 200-mile radius. Honor or memorial gifts are an everlasting way to pay tribute to someone who has touched your life. Workers also had to buy food, clothing, household wares, tools, seed and fertilizer at the plantation commissary, which charged exorbitant interest rates. Read our Privacy Policy. Facebook/Historic Arkansas Facts and Photos. Among the musicians who regularly visited and performed in the area at that time were Robert Johnson, Johnny Shines, Sonny Boy Williamson II, Robert Nighthawk, Howlin' Wolf, Elmore James, David "Honeyboy" Edwards, Memphis Slim and Roosevelt Sykes. Clancy, Sean. The decision by the justices was aided by two white men involved in the massacre who reversed their previous testimonies. [54] Walker's men had encountered the felled trees across their path of advance, and though he threw forward a skirmish line, most of his men remained back at the barricades. ArkansasReview: A Journal of Delta Studies32 (August 2001). Low Villains and Wickedness in High Places: Race and Class in the Elaine Riots. Arkansas Historical Quarterly 58 (Autumn 1999): 285313. The average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 3.28. This project is funded in part by a National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) Sustaining the Humanities through the American Rescue Plan grant award. [13] Rains and high stream levels slowed Price's approach,[14] and though Marmaduke's men reached Switzer's on time, the infantry was delayed at the crossing of the Cache River. Others had their charges dismissed or ultimately were not prosecuted. After Marmaduke's withdrawal, Union troops attempted to attack Walker's flank, but the Confederate cavalrymen withdrew from the field before they were caught. The white citizens of the county deserve unstinting praise for their actions in preventing mob violence., From this point forward, two versions of what occurred at Elaine exist. [5] The service was restored on October 1, 2015, and two new freight customers were quickly gained. Ferguson, Bessie. Details remain difficult to verify. Collins, Ann V. All Hell Broke Loose: American Race Riots from the Progressive Era through World War II. Families of union members found no welcome when they returned to their homes. [64] The advance up the hill had also thrown the Confederates into disarray. The trials began the next week, with John Elvis Miller leading the prosecution. The first time you log in to our catalog you will need to create an account. [17] Price's advance continued to be slowed by the terrain and weather, to the annoyance of Holmes, who rightly believed that the delay had prevented any remaining chance of the movement being a surprise. The Elaine Riot of 1919: Race, Class, and Labor in the Arkansas Delta. PhD diss., University of WisconsinMilwaukee, 2019. Additional support provided by the Arkansas Community Foundation. It was effectively an invasion. The Confederates charged Fort Curtis in their last attack, but the heavy artillery inside kept the attack from reaching the fort. UA Little Rock Center for Arkansas History and Culture. [13], Helena, Arkansas is home to historic buildings such as the Sidney H. Horner House and the Centennial Baptist Church. Jackson: University and College Press of Mississippi, 1972. Although the posse encountered minimal resistance from the black residents of the area around Elaine, the fear of African Americans, who outnumbered whites in this area of Phillips County by a ratio of ten to one, led an estimated 500 to 1,000 armed white peoplemostly from the surrounding Arkansas counties but also from across the river in Mississippito travel to Elaine to put down what was characterized by them as an insurrection. On October 1, Phillips County authorities sent three telegrams to Gov. The perpetrators suppressed coverage of the events, and the victims, terrified black families, had no one to turn for help. [20] Overall, the Confederates had 7,646 men. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Later in the year, Union troops used Helena as a staging ground for their successful campaign to capture Little Rock, Arkansas. New York: Anchor Books, 1967. [59], Holmes lost 1,636 of the 7,646 men he had taken into the battle: 173 killed, 687 wounded, and 776 missing. Wikipedia On April 10, 1929, an F5 tornado struck northern Jackson County. Males had a median income of $27,203 versus $17,250 for females. [10], Once formed, the plan called for Price, with his 3,095 infantry, to move from Jacksonport to Cotton Plant on June 22, along with Marmaduke's 1,750 cavalry; that 1,339 infantry commanded by Brigadier General James F. Fagan would move from Little Rock to Clarendon, and that Brigadier General Lucius M. Walker would screen Helena with his 1,462 cavalry. Troops and vigilantes, he noted, went into the canebrakes in search of negro desperadoes, leaving dead bodies lying in the road a few miles outside of the city. [18] The Confederate columns finally united on July 3,[19] and that day began the final movement towards Helena. [Editors note: A professor at UA Little Rock is working to compile such a list.]. [48] The 43rd Indiana Infantry Regiment had been facing Fagan's Confederates, and was reinforced by parts of the 33rd Iowa Infantry Regiment and the 35th Missouri Infantry Regiment, under orders from Salomon. On September 29, 2019, a memorial to those who died during the massacre was dedicated in downtown Helena-West Helena. 72201. One hundred years ago this week, one of the worst episodes of racial violence in American history unfolded in Elaine, Ark., a small town on the Mississippi. [8] He thought the attack would be too costly, and instead suggested placing an artillery battery along the Mississippi river to intercept Union shipping. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). My mother said she believed his uncle Richard was there, but he was afraid to come outside for fear someone would be there to take him back to Arkansas. Butts, J. W., and Dorothy James. The murders, thefts, violence and terror continued long after the troops had gone and the convicted men had been released. Attorney Jacob Fink, who was appointed to represent Frank Hicks, admitted to the jury that he had not interviewed any witnesses. By contrast, 16 white males were lynched during the same time. [11] Holmes would accompany the attack. The conflict began on the night of September 30, 1919, when approximately 100 African Americans, mostly sharecroppers on the plantations of white landowners, attended a meeting of the Progressive Farmers and Household Union of America at a church in Hoop Spur (Phillips County), three miles north of Elaine. Take a look at these 10 abandoned places in Arkansas. Holmes noted that the defenses of Helena were stronger than he expected, but carried on with the attack anyway. Salomon would make many of the decisions in the upcoming battle. By late November, Jones was working with Murphys firm to save the Elaine Twelve. The Helena-West Helena Police Department says the body of Fredrick Willis, 23, of Helena-West Helena, was found late Tuesday evening. He praised his troops for their restraint in suppressing the rebellion. Estimates have ranged from 25 to 853, the latter from an Arkansas Gazette reporter who named no source. Invest in the future of great journalism in Arkansas Union media later greatly embellished the role played by the regiment in the fighting. Corrections? Helena is the seat of Phillips Community College of the University of Arkansas (1965). The commander of Confederate forces in the Trans-Mississippi, Lieutenant General Edmund Kirby Smith, was forwarded in June the dispatch that Johnston had received, and delegated making the decision whether to attack Helena to Lieutenant General Theophilus Holmes, the Confederate commander of the District of Arkansas. Online at https://archive.org/details/TheArkansasRaceRiot (accessed August 16, 2022). When a tribute gift is given the honoree will receive a letter acknowledging your generosity and a bookplate will be placed in a book. [21], The Union troops in Helena were commanded by Major General Benjamin Prentiss and consisted of the Thirteenth Division of the XIII Corps. Sharecroppers worked the land for a small share of the crop and were forced to sell their cotton to the landowners, who paid less than market prices. On November 5, 2019, the Elaine Twelve were memorialized on the Arkansas Civil Rights Heritage Trail in Little Rock. Mulder, Brandon. Though some local white residents of Phillips County still contend that white people at the time acted appropriately to prevent a slaughter in the Elaine area in 1919, the modern view of most historians of this crisis is that white mobs unjustifiably killed an undetermined number of African Americans. Whitaker, Robert. The county was named for Sylvanus Phillips, and the settlement was renamed (1821) for his daughter. Magnolia Inn LR. The trial had occurred in a setting dominated by a mob spirit, violating the prisoners right to due process. The Underlying Causes of the Elaine Riot of 1919. Arkansas Historical Quarterly 20 (Spring 1961): 95104. Helena has been called the cradle of the Delta Blues, and each October the citys King Biscuit Blues Festival draws fans from around the world. The population density was 710.7 inhabitants per square mile (274.4/km2). But officials have not released exactly what happened. [55] Walker's men spent the rest of the morning primarily skirmishing with Clayton's cavalry and firing at long range. He brought the men and women deemed insurrectionists to the Phillips County jail in Helena. Instead, the troops either shot or arrested them. [24] The Union garrison would face the coming attack with 4,129 men. The union had contracted with lawyer Ulysses S. Bratton, whose son, Ocier, was at this meeting. To the north, Confederate cavalry commanded by Brigadier Generals John S. Marmaduke and Lucius M. Walker failed to act in concert and accomplished little. Online at https://dc.uwm.edu/etd/2040/ (accessed November 9, 2022). Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2020. In a final act of disrespect, they tied her dress over her head and left her body on the side of the road for several days. There is no danger of any lynching. As many as several hundred African Americans and five white men were killed. There were 2,312 households, out of which 32.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 33.8% were married couples living together, 28.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.3% were non-families. A Rural Town Confronts Its Buried History of Mass Killings of Black Americans. The Guardian, August 18, 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/aug/18/a-rural-town-confronts-its-buried-history-of-mass-killings-of-black-americans (accessed February 22, 2023). Waskow, Arthur I. Brough issued a stay of the executions to permit an appeal to the Arkansas Supreme Court after the motions were denied. Helena, city, seat (1830) of Phillips county, eastern Arkansas, U.S., port of the Mississippi River, about 50 miles (80 km) southwest of Memphis, Tennessee, and adjacent to the city of West Helena. McWhirter, Cameron. Upset about unfair low wages, they enlisted the help. (Students Tapping Academic Resources for Success) Academy (alternative school), This page was last edited on 26 April 2023, at 19:58. [88] The unit had not completed formation at the time of the battle and was poorly trained, so it had been positioned in an area where it was unlikely to be directly engaged. The confessions of the black men had been secured through torture. J. [7], Helena built a reproduction of Fort Curtis in 2012 that is free to the public. Elaine was probably the largest massacre of black people in post-Civil War history, yet no federal investigation was ever conducted. If we cant get people to recognize we matter, we will never get past the color of our skin being the reason for unemployment, violence, and intolerance by authorities simply because were black. The white leaders put forward their view that black residents had been about to revolt. Dillard, Tom. Battery K, 1st Missouri Light Artillery Regiment, 2nd Arkansas Infantry Regiment (African Descent), Troop engagements of the American Civil War, 1863, "Batteries A, B, C, and D (Battle of Helena)", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Helena&oldid=1141530720, Battles of the American Civil War in Arkansas, Battles of the Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War, Union victories of the American Civil War, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 25 February 2023, at 14:50. Hostility toward him was so great from local white residents that, out of fear for his life, he was said to sleep at a different black familys house every night during the trials. [48] They were now in front of Battery D.[50], Marmaduke has his own problems in his sector on the line. One of the largest harbors on an inland waterway was completed in the 1990s, making Helena a hub of industrial development. It was a system intended to keep black people in debt and dependent upon planters. The military placed several hundred African Americans in makeshift stockades until they could be questioned and vouched for by their white employers. Anyone can read what you share. The Forgotten History of Americas Worst Racial Massacre, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/30/opinion/elaine-massacre-1919-arkansas.html. THE 5 BEST Things to Do in Helena - Tripadvisor The Arkansas Democrat sent . Battle of Helena - Wikipedia The death toll was listed at 23, and many others were seriously injured. News of the shooting quickly reached the county seat of Helena. Lancaster, Guy, ed. Fort Curtis was not directly attacked at the Battle of Helena since the Confederacy focused its attacks on the outlying batteries. In December 1860, the state of South Carolina seceded from the United States, as a result of several disagreements with the federal government, slavery chief among them. There were 1,636 Confederate casualties and 205 Union casualties.[6]. They secured new trials for six of the men, known as the Ware defendants, based on the fact that the trial judge had not required jurors to indicate the degree of murder on their ballot forms.The convictions of the other six men, known as the Moore defendants, were affirmed. Holmes planned and executed three different failed attacks on the town. Livingston, Kelly, and Madison Peek. McCool, B. Boren. The research below is a comprehensive historical analysis of every major league baseball player born in Arkansas. HELENA-WEST HELENA, Ark. These are the same people who dont understand why African Americans choose Black Lives Matter as a valid starting point. If you can, provide 1-2 sources of information backing up this correction. St. Francis National Forest is immediately to the north. The convictions were again affirmed. That was 97 years ago but little has changed in the hearts of people. Anatomy of Four Race Riots: Racial Conflict in Knoxville, Elaine (Arkansas), Tulsa and Chicago, 19191921. The Battle of Helena was fought on July 4, 1863, near Helena, Arkansas, during the American Civil War. Ark. pharmacist arrested after 'violent episode' at Walmart - WREG.com [56] Historian Robert E. Shalhope wrote that the Confederate attacks were repulsed "perhaps less by the powerful Union entrenchments than by their own poorly co-ordinated attack". [66] Many men from the 7th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Lewis') were captured at this time. Improve this listing Full view All photos (4) Top ways to experience nearby attractions Memphis City Tour with Optional Riverboat Cruise & Sun Studio Add-On Options 438 Recommended Bus Tours from $40.00 per adult [87] Almost all of the Confederate losses were from the brigades of Fagan, Parsons, and McRae, who took 32 percent of their attacking forces as casualties. 1859-02-28 Arkansas legislature requires free blacks to choose exile or slavery. Give a donation in someones name to mark a special occasion, honor a friend or colleague or remember a beloved family member. All the white people had to do was stay away from the church while the meeting was going on. [2] Fighting occurred to the north in Missouri during 1861,[3] but in early March 1862, Confederate forces were defeated in northern Arkansas at the Battle of Pea Ridge. After hiding for two days in the woods, the Colemans returned home to find dead bodies of women and children scattered about their community. On the other hand, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in New York, which had sent Field Secretary Walter White to investigate the events in Elaine, contested such allegations from the outset. In previous months, racial conflict had occurred in numerous cities in America, including Washington DC; Chicago, Illinois; Knoxville, Tennessee; and Indianapolis, Indiana. Stopford, Annie. [18][19], Helena previously had a Catholic grade school for black children, St. Cyprian School; it closed in 1963. This picture of the Magnolia Inn on Roosevelt Road in Little Rock was taken in 1969. [97] Vicksburg had surrendered on July 4, and the Confederate garrison at Port Hudson, Louisiana fell within a week. Vigilantes from Mississippi seized another union member, Lula Black, and her four children from her house, knocked her down, pistol whipped and kicked her, then took her to jail. Helena, AR 72342 Phone: (870) 338-5555 Phillips County Criminal Records Phillips County records their criminal activity in the form of criminal records. Update: Name Released of Man Found Shot to Death on Helena-West Helena When my father arrived at the address that was on the letter, a lady answered the door, but she said his uncle didnt live there. The charges ranged from murder to nightriding, a charge akin to terroristic threatening (as defined by Act 112 of 1909). [7], On June 9, Holmes learned that the strength of the Union forces in Helena was about 3,000 or 4,000 men, and decided against an attack. 0:36. I first learned of the Elaine Massacre today, February 7, 2017, and I am both saddened and angered. Bearden, Russell E. "Arkansas' Worst Disaster: The Great Mississippi River Flood of 1927." Arkansas Review: A Journal of Delta Studies 34 (August 2003): 79-97. Johnson, J. Chester. The. For additional information: With the fall of Vicksburg and Port Hudson, the Confederate forces in the Trans-Mississippi were cut off from the rest of the Confederacy. Find directions to Helena, browse local businesses, landmarks, get current traffic estimates, road conditions, and more. Updates? Watson was but one of 97 Black people lynched in Arkansas in the decade spanning 1891 to 1900 93 males and 4 females. Helena Confederate Cemetery 20 Cemeteries By VictoriaElizabethK The cemetery is understandably peaceful but to walk amongst the stones, it is very moving to see how many of the dead. The Massacre: What Happened? - Elaine Race Massacre State police say Officer Wallace was shot around 6:11 p.m. Thursday outside the Delta Inn on U.S. Highway 49 in Helena-West Helena. Woodruff, Nan Elizabeth. The Union guns concentrated on this attack and inflicted heavy casualties on it. [37] The felled trees slowed Fagan's main attack,[38] which was on the Upper Little Rock Road,[39] and forced the Confederates to leave their supply wagons and cannons behind. I have been trying to close a chapter in my family history. They scorched and burned homes with families inside, slaughtered and tortured others. Online at https://arktimes.com/news/cover-stories/2019/08/02/to-those-known-and-unknown (accessed August 16, 2022). During the 1910 census, my great-great-great-grandfather was listed. [47] Price's advance was led by the 9th Missouri Sharpshooter Battalion, who sighted the Union positions on Graveyard Hill. Grif Stockley 25 federal indictments come from Helena-West Helena, federal partnership There were 2,710 housing units at an average density of 304.6 per square mile (117.6/km2). 10. New York: St. Martins, 2011. They now verified that the planters had gone to the Hoop Spur church to destroy the union and that the posse had killed their own men, instead of the black people who had been accused. The following morning, Gov. Legal disfranchisement stripped them of the vote and an ability to share in any benefits of citizenship. In June 1863, Confederate Commander Theophilus Holmes sought to take pressure off of Vicksburg, Mississippi, by attacking the Union-held town of Helena, Arkansas. They shot him and left him to die. White wrote in the Chicago Daily News on October 19, 1919, that the belief there had been an insurrection was only a figment of the imagination of Arkansas whites and not based on fact. He said, White men in Helena told me that more than one hundred Negroes were killed. Famed journalist and anti-lynching activist Ida B. Wells-Barnett secretly interviewed some of the prisoners in Helena, from which she produced the pamphlet The Arkansas Race Riot. This work also challenged allegations of an insurrection and documented the torture and other depredations the prisoners had suffered.
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