This was widely celebrated across the Ogadeen population in the Horn of Africa and in the diaspora. Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine. Interview with Mzee Jamal, November 2010. His family did not know that Abdullahi lived a very different life, going to clubs and only very rarely to the mosque. Talking Peace in the Ogaden. Concerning Somali shopping centres see Scharrer and Carrier, Giving Informality Room.. 53. )5.73% (2020 est. Kenya was, after Somalia, the second largest recipient of US-American anti-terrorism funds in Sub-Saharan Africa between 2013 and 2015. http://securityassistance.org/data/country/military/country/2011/2018/is_all/Africa [accessed 14 March 2017]. ), improved: urban: 84% of populationrural: 48.1% of populationtotal: 58.2% of populationunimproved: urban: 16% of populationrural: 51.9% of populationtotal: 41.8% of population (2020 est. ), on food: 52.9% of household expenditures (2018 est. One of the candidates, William Ruto, campaigned as a fellow pastoralist, suggesting that he and the northern voters should bring their herds together in the quest for northern development.Footnote91, McIntosh stated that whites in Kenya do not fit the stereotype of the wenyeji, a Kiswahili term invoking local inhabitants whocan take for granted cultural citizenship in the nation as a whole.Footnote92 She shows several strategies used by white Kenyans to underline their belonging to Kenya one of them consists of stressing their cultural citizenship, for instance by having attended Kenyan schools.Footnote93. If you are coming from a very different background, its difficult to match the same level. Cheesman et al., Decentralisation in Kenya, 15. The region has an estimated population of about 4.5 million. Kenyan Somalis played an increasing (yet still small) role in political administration, as they were seen as neutral, as not connected to one of the influential ethnic groups. Ogaden (clan) - Wikipedia Collective punishment, however, persisted in the North Eastern Province. The establishment of counties, provided for in the new Constitution as an outcome of the post-electoral violence of 20072008, aimed at decentralizing power.Footnote57 Thereby the right of communities to manage their own affairs and to further their development was recognized.Footnote58 Minorities cautiously welcomed devolution, hoping for more control. The Christians retreated into what may be called Abyssinia, an easily defensible, socially cohesive unit that included mostly Christian, Semitic-speaking peoples in a territory comprising most of Eritrea, Tigray, and Gonder and parts of Gojam, Shewa, and Welo. )permanent crops: 0.9% (2018 est. 61. Changes in identification over time are also indicated by the Afrobarometer data concerning ethnic versus national identification. The Sands of the Ogaden Are Blowing Across East Africa Kenyas Somalis, however, occupy the most ambiguous situation of all. Almost 40% of Kenyans are under the age of 15 as of 2020 because of sustained high fertility, early marriage and childbearing, and an unmet need for family planning. Register a free Taylor & Francis Online account today to boost your research and gain these benefits: Ambiguous citizens: Kenyan Somalis and the question of belonging, Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology, Department Integration and Conflict, Halle (Saale), Germany, Accidental Citizens: Etherealizing Securitized Identities of Somalis in Kenya; Contesting Representation, Identity and Belonging, Marginal Actors? )$8.297 billion (31 December 2020 est. 109. This makes it more difficult for the vast majority of Somalis not involved in these movements to claim their Kenyanness. )proven reserves: 0 metric tons (2019 est. But the Somali dwellers outside North Eastern Province were those who really suffered.Footnote20, Although the emergency regulations persisted until the early 1990s, the northeastern region and its inhabitants became gradually more included into the Kenyan state.Footnote21 After a foiled coup in 1982, President Moi incorporated Somali elites into his apparatus to secure his power base,Footnote22 enabling some of them to make a career in the state administration. Lonsdale, Soil, Work, Civilization, 309. The region has an overall low population density and is home to Somali-speaking nomadic pastoralists. Kenya's involvement in the peace talks is based on security cooperation with . 105. Carrier and Kochore, Navigating Ethnicity, 135. Since her parents separated, there has been almost no contact between the father and his four daughters. This paper deals with the first two categories, Kenyan Somalis who have a well-founded claim to Kenyan citizenship. This figure, however, seems too low. Theoretical Notes on Gray Cities: The Coming of Urban Apartheid? ), fossil fuels: 8.3% of total installed capacity (2020 est. 106. 2005 - PAGE 173, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Speaker of the National Assembly of Kenya, Neustadt International Prize for Literature, "2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume IV: Distribution of Population by Socio-Economic Characteristics", "Somalia: Minorities and indigenous peoples", "Clanship and Contract in Northern Somaliland", "Somalia Maps - Perry-Castaeda Map Collection - UT Library Online", http://www.doollo.com/mainpage/sayidmaxamed/xasanowhubqaadaye.htm, "Collective Punishment: War Crimes and crimes against Humanity in the Ogaden area of Ethiopia's Somali Regional State", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ogaden_(clan)&oldid=1150490853, Articles needing cleanup from August 2022, Articles with bare URLs for citations from August 2022, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from August 2022, All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify, Articles needing additional references from May 2019, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2022, "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 18 April 2023, at 13:56. The term Somali is used as an umbrella term, applied to a very heterogeneous population. 81. 55. Kenya has experienced dramatic population growth since the mid-20th century as a result of its high birth rate and its declining mortality rate. 65 In 1948 and 1962 enumeration in Northern Province was not done by household because of sparse population and logistical difficulties. He now lives there with a Kikuyu woman and their young daughter. )$233.852 billion (2020 est. Not only are they singled out by the police because of their physical appearance, but when walking along the street people whisper terms like warya,Footnote85 strengthening feelings of not-quite belonging. ), $4,700 (2021 est. Amina, a young woman in her early 20s, was born in Nakuru. Typically, the concrete emergence of stubborn informalities is handled [] by a range of delegitimizing and criminalizing discourses. The term furthermore encompasses the diverse roles in which Kenyan Somalis can find themselves: as marginalized citizens in the northeastern region, as high-ranking politicians, as businesspeople in the metropoles and as urbanized (lower) middle class Kenyans. 84. They share this cleavage with other Kenyan Muslims, especially coastal Arabs and Swahili. When looking at those other groups Asians, Whites, Nubians or Arabs two main dimensions along which Kenyanness is constructed come into focus: a racial dimension and a cultural dimension. In the violence following the elections 2007, he was almost killed in a targeted attack, which he blamed on economic competition based on ethnic categorization. Eastern Africa, bordering the Indian Ocean, between Somalia and Tanzania, total: 580,367 sq kmland: 569,140 sq kmwater: 11,227 sq km, five times the size of Ohio; slightly more than twice the size of Nevada, total: 3,457 kmborder countries (5): Ethiopia 867 km; Somalia 684 km; South Sudan 317 km; Tanzania 775 km; Uganda 814 km, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation, varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior, low plains rise to central highlands bisected by Great Rift Valley; fertile plateau in west, highest point: Mount Kenya 5,199 mlowest point: Indian Ocean 0 mmean elevation: 762 m, limestone, soda ash, salt, gemstones, fluorspar, zinc, diatomite, gypsum, wildlife, hydropower, agricultural land: 48.1% (2018 est. No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors. By closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies. To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. HRW, Death and Disappearances, 16; Lind et al., Killing a Mosquito, 14. 40. There had been warnings that were not taken seriously concerning the attacks on the Westgate Mall (2013), the coastal town Mpeketoni close to Lamu (2014), as well as on the Garissa University College (2015).Footnote69 Moreover, when the Kenyan security apparatus reacted, it did so in an incoherent and chaotic way.Footnote70 Instead of improving coordination between the multiple security agencies, political actors responded in the same manner as before by blaming terrorism on Somali refugees in particular and the Somali inhabitants of Kenya in general, externalizing insecurity by utilizing the image of Somalis as ambiguous citizens, ignoring that many of the attackers were neither Kenyan Somalis nor Somali nationals.Footnote71. 85. The establishment of Jubbaland in 2013 cemented the return of Ogaden political relevance to Somalia. Talking Peace in the Ogaden | Rift Valley Institute 60. Mohammed, from the Dhadhaab (or Dadaab) camp in Kenya, described to Ogaden Online (OO) 1/12/2012 how he was captured by the Ethiopian military, accused of being a supporter of the Ogaden National Liberation Front (ONLF) and mercilessly tortured. The Dir, Daarood, Isaaq, and Hawiye, which together make up the Samaal clans, constitute roughly 75 percent of the population. For Somalians, Kenyan Somalis are Somali sijui, Somali who do not know (neither Somali language nor culture), brothers and sisters, but not real Somalis. PDF II. Ogaden: Ethiopia's Most Contested Territory ), total petroleum production: 0 bbl/day (2021 est. One main step in this process was drafting a new constitution.Footnote42 The idea of Kenya as a nation of diversity was, however, not only a political project, but also fostered in popular culture in music (eg. )exports: 0 cubic meters (2021 est. Created in 1994, 3 it has an official population of 4.5 million, 4 predominantly ethnic Somalis, Ethiopia's third largest nationality (around 6.2 per cent), and "roughly one-third of the widely . McIntosh, Autochthony and Family, 265. Their figures rely on the (problematic) census 2009. 91. )3.09% of GDP (2020 est. It also evokes the oscillating political treatment of Kenyan Somalis by the state, and the manifold ways in which Kenyan Somalis react to it. Since Kenyas independence in 1963, the question of how to incorporate the heterogenous parts of its society has been a vital issue. UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Fact Sheet, Kenya (01-31 December 2017). When I met him in Nakuru, he lived with his two brothers. HRW, Death and Disappearances, 15; Lind et al., Killing a Mosquito.. The first and biggest are the inhabitants of the northeastern region of Kenya, bordering Somalia and Ethiopia. Abdullahi, who is in his mid-40s, sees himself first and foremost as Kenyan. This was the time when economic and political developments in Somalia had begun to look more promising than before.Footnote107 Just a short while before she had told me that there were three groups of Somalis in Nakuru: those from Somalia, those from Kenya, and returnees. 41. The widespread use of rape in Ogaden has . This term can be seen as a derivation from a Somali greeting (Carrier, Little Mogadishu, 81), but also as originating from the english term warrior in contiuation with colonial representations (Abdi, Accidental Citizens, 27). Walaal means sister or brother in Somali and is, similar to warya, a reminder of difference. Most Samaal clans are widely distributed pastoralists, although a . note: data are in current year dollars$11.471 billion (2019 est. the report brings us up to date on a 20 year-old insurgency waged by some Ogadeeni members of the larger ethnic Somali population in parts of the Ogaden region, which stretches across south-eastern Ethiopia and the borders of Kenya and the Somali territories. The population is predominantly Somali, and there have been attempts to incorporate the area into a Greater Somalia. 35. People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read. )investment in fixed capital: 18.9% (2017 est. 65. Campbell, Urban Refugees in Nairobi, 401. They did so out of feelings of alienation, but also due to the perception that they were losing out to Kenyan Somalis from the northeastern region, who at this time acquired higher positions in the Kenyan administration.Footnote102 Furthermore, the economic situation of Kenya deteriorated in the 1990s and many families feared to lose their (lower) middle class status which they had preserved after independence.Footnote103 Renewed interest in moving away resulted from the securitized policy of the Kenyan state since 2013.Footnote104 To go to Europe, the two brothers had to become more Somali by learning the language properly. In a similar vein, Somalis emphasize their cultural belonging to Kenya when presenting themselves as citizens. [citation needed] Administration [ edit] Meeting Kenyan Somalis from the northeastern part of the country, where Somali is spoken more frequently, can lead to a feeling of double exclusion: to be neither accepted as Somali nor to be able to claim belonging to any other Kenyan ethnic group. 19. )exports of goods and services: 13.9% (2017 est. Turton, The Isaq Somali Diaspora, 327. And when he talked about marginalization, Kenya was the point of reference, not Somalia. note: data are in current year dollars$17.717 billion (2020 est.) This strategy of stigmatization informed the security measures taken. 77. Ambiguous citizenship, as a concept, not only hints at the changing politics of the Kenyan state concerning its Somali citizens and the manifold ways in which Kenyan Somalis react to it, but it also takes into consideration the various roles Kenyan Somalis play in society. Did you know that with a free Taylor & Francis Online account you can gain access to the following benefits? The vision of a unified Kenya gained importance after the violence that followed the elections of 2007. Administrative boundaries and names changed over time. Kenya's young and growing population presents a huge market for investors. Menkhaus argues that this response strengthened support for al-Shabaab among ethnic Somalis in Kenya. )from consumed natural gas: 0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. 83. ), Kenyan shillings (KES) per US dollar -109.638 (2021 est. Islam is also one of the elements dividing Kenyan Somalis from the Christian majority. 58.17million more inhabitants? Whittaker, A New Model Village, 120. Possession of Kenyan identity documents is, however, a necessity for participation in the legal aspects of citizenship. Eastern Africa - Abyssinia | Britannica This means: at an individual level, an Ogaden from there might feel the urge or need or might be compelled . He is working as a project manager in an IT company, even though had never gone to university due to financial reasons. [9] History [ edit] Pre-colonial era [ edit] Both the increased visibility of Somali politicians in Kenya, even in areas with a non-Somali majority population, and the growth of the Kenyan Somali population, according to the 2009 census, have intensified anxieties about Somalis taking over Kenya. Interview with Abdullahi, Mombasa, August 2011. ), 54.2% of GDP (2017 est. 3. . )services: 47.5% (2017 est. Many urbanized Somalis did not see their future in Kenya and moved to Europe in the 1990s and 2000s. Last but not least the term ambiguous citizenship encapsulates different dimensions of citizenship while people can be treated as belonging in some of them, they are not necessarily categorized as citizens in others. The Ogaden War 1977-78 In Kenya, Mogadishu merely supported local armed groups to further its irredentist ambitions, but in Ethiopia, it launched a full-scale war. The Ogaden is a plateau, with an elevation above sea level that ranges from 1,500 metres in the northwest, falling to about 300 metres along the southern limits and the Wabi Shebelle valley. Differences in the identification process can also occur over time. McIntosh, Autochthony and Family, 265. Throughout the paper the term Somali is used when referring to the ethnic category, the term Somalian as a national category denotes people coming from Somalia. Hassan, a successful business man in his late 40s, who was born in the North Eastern Province, but has lived in Nakuru for almost 20 years, told me: All are Kenyans and the culture is closer. This argument was already raised in 1974 during a discussion about the motion Compulsary birth registration for Isiolo and Marsabit Somali (Hansard, Parliamentary Debates, May 17, 1974, p. 1408). Lochery discusses citizenship as being graduated.Footnote5 Using the example of the screening exercise of 1989, when all Kenyan Somalis had to get registered, she demonstrates how institutions negotiate and produce citizenship, resulting in graduated access to rights and protection. In the 1960s and 1970s, Kenyans pursued higher education in the UK because of colonial ties, but as British immigration rules tightened, the US, the then Soviet Union, and Canada became attractive study destinations. 10. 21. 14. 28. )transmission/distribution losses: 2.724 billion kWh (2019 est. P. Leftie and J. Otieno, How North Eastern Figures Went Wrong, Daily Nation, 1 September 2010. http://www.nation.co.ke/news/How-North-Eastern-figures-went-wrong-/1056-1001530-1d3tow/index.html. 12. ), total population: 70.04 yearsmale: 68.31 yearsfemale: 71.82 years (2023 est. Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC). )-0.25% (2020 est. The heterogeneous Somali population in Kenya can roughly be categorized into four groups. East Africa is the most populous subregion of Africa, with a population of approximately 455 million people. As a result, this area remained separated from the rest of Kenya and was ruled under emergency regulations. )refined petroleum consumption: 116,400 bbl/day (2019 est. In the 1970s, Somalia, supported by the United States, invaded Ethiopia, igniting the Ogaden War, which Somalia lost due to timely military intervention from the Soviet Union and its ally Cuba. Afrobarometer Data, Kenya, R3R7, 2005/062016/18. ), China 27%, India 11%, United Arab Emirates 7%, Japan 4%, Saudi Arabia 3% (2020), refined petroleum, palm oil, broadcasting equipment, packaged medicines, cars (2020), $9.491 billion (31 December 2021 est. During the screening of Kenyans of Somali descent in 1989, those considered as belonging to an indigenous lineage were issued pink screening cards.Footnote25 All others were effectively declared non-citizens, losing everything linked to Kenyan citizenship status (such as property).Footnote26 Kenyan Somalis were, as during the Wagalla massacre,Footnote27 on both sides of this event in both cases a small Somali political elite used the events to weaken their economic and political rivals.Footnote28 Even though not all Kenyan Somalis were registered, the pink screening card would be a requirement for obtaining an ID years later.
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